Mutualism, Parasitism, and Commensalism

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship. When two organisms depend on each other and benefit from each other. Example is termites and intestinal flagellates

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship in which one organism lives in or on another organism (the host) and consequently harms it. When one organism lives on another and harms it. Examples are ticks, lice, and mosquitoes



Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. When one organism benefits from the other and the second organism isn’t helped or harmed. Example is barnacles adhering to the skin of a whale or shell of a mollusk.

Four Organic Compounds

The four organic compounds are Carbohydrates, Lipids, Protein, and Nucleic Acids.
Carbohydrates are energy production and storage for structure. They have one carbon to two hydrogen’s to one oxygen. Carbs can also be described as sugar and starches. They have five carbons with (-OH). The monomers are glucose and fructose.

Lipids are hydrocarbons and mainly non-polar components of cells. They include Fats (energy storage), phospholipids (cell membrane), waxes (waterproofing), and steroids (hormones). The monomers are fatty acids.


Proteins are macromolecule. There structure is collagen in skin, keratin in hair, crystalline in eyes. All metabolic transformations, build up, rearrange and break down of organic compounds, which are done by enzymes. Oxygen in the blood is carries by hemoglobin, everything that goes in or out of cell are carried by protein. The monomers are amino acids.

Nucleic Acids they have nucleotides, which have three parts: sugar, phosphate, and a base. They store genetic information in the cell and are involved in energy and electron movement. They include RNA and DNA. They have five carbons with (-H) and ATP.

Lab

Purpose: To find the amount of dissolved oxygen at different temperatures and varying amounts of light in water samples.

Procedures:
Temperatures:
1 Get ten different fresh water samples at varying degrees, which are ten degrees apart.
2 Use the measuring kit to test the oxygen saturation levels.
3 Make a graph.

Light:
1 Fill ten BOD bottles with aquatic culture, not agitate the samples.
2 Seal the bottle with caps, to prevent air entrapment.
3 Write the percent of light each sample will get.
4 Wrap bottles in screen or foil.
5 Test DO of the initial bottle.
6 Place all the bottles on their sides in a tray under a fluorescent light for 24 hours.

Results: Water in light will have more oxygen than water in less light. Water in cold temperatures will have more oxygen than warm water.

Evidence of Evolution

Type of Evidence
1 The fossil record
2 Geographic distribution
3 Homologous body structure
4 Similarities in early development

Evidence Reveals
1 gradual modification of species over time
2 different lines of evolutionary descent
3 species are descended from common ancestors
4 vertebrates share a common ancestry

Natural Selection

Natural Selection is a mechanism for change in population that occurs when an organisms with favorable variations for a particular environment survive, reproduce, and pass these variations on the next generation.
1 Individuals within the same species are not identical.
2 The environment presents many different challenges to an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce.
3 Organisms tend to produce more offspring than their environment can support; thus, individuals of a species often compete with one another to survive.
4 Individuals within a population that are better able to cope with the challenges of their environment tend to leave more offspring than those less suited to the environment.
5 The traits of the fittest individuals those best suited to a particular environment tend to increase.

EX. A species of fish lay thousands of eggs. Each individual will have slightly, different variations. Fishes may differ in color, fins, tail size, and speed. A fast fish will have a skin color, so it will blend in with the surrounding, survive, and reproduce than a slow fish with a more obvious coloring. These adaptations carry several generations will produce a change in the species.

EX. Darwin's finches are an excellent example of the way in which species' gene pools have adapted in order for long term survival via their offspring. The Darwin's Finches diagram below illustrates the way the finch has adapted to take advantage of feeding in different ecological niches. Their beaks have evolved over time to be best suited to their function. For example, the finches that eat grubs have a thin extended beak to poke into holes in the ground and extract the grubs. Finches that eat buds and fruit would be less successful at doing this, while their claw like beaks can grind down their food and thus give them a selective advantage in circumstances where buds are the only real food source for finches.

Darwins and Lamarck's Evolution

Darwin Theory of Evolution

1 Variation exists within the genes of every population or species (as a result of random mutation).
2 In a particular environment, some individuals of a population are better suited to survive and to have more offspring.
3 Over generations, the traits that certain individuals of a population able to survive and reproduce tend to increase in that population.
4 Evidence from fossils and many other sources indicates that living species evolved from species that no longer exist.

Lamarck Ideas of Evolution

1 Environment gives rise to changes in animals. EX. Blindness in moles
2 Life was structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make it possible for the organic movements of animals.

Phloem and Xylem

Phloem

1 Made of living cells with perforated and plates to allow stuff to flow through.
2 They transport food made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant, in both direction.
3 They carry sugars, fats, proteins, etc. to growing region in shoot tips and root tips and to/from storage organs in the roots.


Same
1 Plants are tubes that transport stuff around the plant.
2 The tubes go to every part of the plant.
3 Extend into roots



Xylem

1 Made of dead cells joined end to end with no end and walls between them.
2 The side walls are strong and stiff and contain lignin. This gives plant support.
3 They carry water and minerals from the roots up to the leaves in the transpiration stream.